Class XII · CBSE 083 · Python
Ten chapters, three units. Every concept taught through a program that runs,
a diagram that is drawn, or a query with its result set.
Names and objects, mutability, operators, control flow, strings, lists, tuples, dictionaries — the Class XI ground that everything else stands on.
Definition and call, flow of control, positional / default / keyword arguments, return values, local and global scope, and mutable arguments.
Syntax errors vs exceptions vs logic errors, the built-in exceptions seen live, try / except / else / finally, and raise and assert.
Text files, binary files with pickle, and CSV — the same five students stored three ways, with read, write, search, append and update on each.
LIFO, push / pop / peek / isEmpty on a Python list, underflow, and six worked applications — reversal, brackets, binary, undo, the call stack, files.
Evolution of networking, PAN / LAN / MAN / WAN, seven network devices, four drawn topologies, transmission media, and a worked campus case study.
Client–server, IP addresses, domain names, DNS and URL, HTTP/HTTPS, FTP, SMTP and POP3, TCP/IP, PPP and VoIP.
Relation, tuple, attribute, domain, degree and cardinality, the properties of a relation, and candidate / primary / alternate / foreign keys.
DDL and DML, WHERE, BETWEEN, IN, LIKE, IS NULL, ORDER BY, aggregate functions, GROUP BY / HAVING, and the three kinds of join.
connect, cursor, execute, fetchone / fetchmany / fetchall, rowcount, commit, parameterised queries and SQL injection.
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